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RESEARCH Open AccessInduction of cytotoxicity of Pelagia noctilucavenom causes reactive oxygen speciesgeneration, lipid peroxydation induction and DNAdamage in human colon cancer cellsYosra Ayed 1 , Manel Boussabbeh 1 , Wiem Zakhama 1 , Chayma Bouaziz 1 , Salwa Abid 1 and Hassen Bacha 1,2*AbstractBackground: The long-lasting and abundant blooming of Pelagia noctiluca in Tunisian coastal waters compromisesboth touristic and fishing activities and causes substantial economic losses. Determining their molecular mode ofaction is, important in order to limit or prevent the subsequent damages. Thus, the aim of the present study wasto investigate the propensity of Pelagia noctiluca venom to cause oxidative damage in HCT 116 cells and itsassociated genotoxic effects.Results: Our results indicated an overproduction of ROS, an induction of catalase activity and an increase of MDAgeneration. We looked for DNA fragmentation by means of the comet assay. Results indicated that venom ofPelagia noctiluca induced DNA fragmentation. SDS-PAGE analysis of Pelagia noctiluca venom revealed at least 15protein bands of molecular weights ranging from 4 to 120 kDa.Conclusion: Oxidative damage may be an initiating event and contributes, in part, to the mechanism of toxicity ofPelagia noctiluca venom.Keywords: Pelagia noctiluca, Jellyfish, Venom, Cytotoxicity, Oxidative stress, DNA fragmentationBackgroundPelagia noctiluca [1] (family Pelagiidae, Semaestomeae,Scyphozoa) is a highly venomous jellyfish species [2],widely distributed in different parts of the Mediterra-nean Sea [2,3] and in the Atlantic Ocean [5]. Pelagianoctiluca (P. noctulica) has not caused human fatalities,but in spite of this, it can have profound ecological andsocio-economic consequences when it appears in hugenumbers during outbreaks [2-4].As a matter of fact, events of massive occurrence of P.noctulica can be detrimental to aquaculture causingmortality of caged fish [6], to tourism by curtailing bath-ing activities [7], as for fishing activities, since in severalcases, it was impossible to separate the biomass ofmedusae from fishes [8].One of the most distinctive aspects of jellyfish physiol-ogy is related to its biologically active components andorganelles contained in specialized cells called nemato-cysts. They are located along the tentacles and body.These organelles contain toxins and discharge their con-tent upon an appropriate stimulation [9]. The venom ofP. noctulica is of protein nature and contains peptides.It is antigenic and possesses dermonecrotic and hemoly-tic properties [10]; Cytolytic and neurotoxic effects havealso been shown by several biological assays. The hae-molytic effect is the most well studied activities of thevenom [11-14]. Electrophoretical analyses recognizedeight different fractions, distinguished by molecularmass [15].The protein nature of venom [16] was further con-firmed by Mariottini et al. [17]. P. noctiluca venom alsocaused an increase of ATP levels in treated cells fol-lowed by a moderate decrease [17]. This is an atypicresponse since most toxicity studies reported decrease* Correspondence: hassen.bacha@fmdm.rnu.tn1 Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty ofDentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, TunisiaFull list of author information is available at the end of the articleAyed et al. Lipids in Health and Disease 2011, 10:232http://www.lipidworld.com/content/10/1/232© 2011 Ayed et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction inany medium, provided the original work is properly cited.