188宝金博页面版

Fenugreek seeds as a natural source of L-arginine-encapsulated lipid nanoparticles against diabetesUrooj Ali 1,2 , Syeda Izma Makhdoom 3 , Muhammad Uzair Javed 1 , Raf i a Ali Khan 4 , Muhammad Naveed 3 , Bilal Haider Abbasi 1,5? , Tariq Aziz 6? , Fatma Alshehri 7 , Fahad Al-Asmari 8 , Fakhria A. Al-Jouf i9 & Maher S. Alwethaynani 10Diabetes, af f ecting over 10.5% of the global population, leads to severe health complications and economic burdens, highlighting the urgent need for ef f ective therapeutic approaches. Current treatments are often insuf f i cient, prompting the exploration of novel therapeutic agents and delivery mechanisms. This study addresses this gap by investigating the roles of L-arginine (identif i ed as a target drug candidate through network pharmacology) in diabetes management, while also evaluating lipid nanocarriers synthesized from fenugreek seed oil for improved drug delivery. Our docking analyses revealed L-arginine’s strong interactions with diabetes-target genes (CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and NFKB), with multiple hydrogen bonds and binding energies ranging from − 7.2 to − 8.9 kcal/mol. Encapsulated L-arginine lipid nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, showing absorbance peaks at 415 nm for simple nanoparticles and 521 nm for L-arginine-loaded nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy conf i rmed an average nanoparticle size of 100.2 nm, and zeta potential analysis indicated a neutral surface charge (− 9.37 mV). Antioxidative activity showed 84.44% inhibition with an IC50 value of 40.5 µg/mL The nanoparticles inhibited albumin denaturation by 81.10% and alpha-amylase by 89.30%, surpassing metformin (78.43% at 1000 µg/mL). Hemolysis percentage was minimal at 10.54%. These fi ndings demonstrate the potential of L-arginine as an anti-diabetic agent and highlight the ef f i cacy of lipid nanocarriers as innovative drug delivery systems, providing a foundation for advancing therapeutic interventions against diabetes.Keywords Diabetes, Trigonella foenum-graecum, L-arginine, Lipid nanoparticles, Network pharmacologyDiabetes is a complex metabolic disorder that substantially impacts the overall well-being of individuals worldwide including mental health 1 . Th e condition is distinguished by chronic hyperglycemia, which arises from impairments in either insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Th e rising incidence of diabetes worldwide seriously af f ects public health and healthcare delivery worldwide. About 10.5% of the adult population (20–79 years) globally has diabetes, and roughly half of them is ignorant of their illness, according to the International Diabetes Federation 2 . Since 1980, the percentage of adults with diabetes has almost doubled, from 4.7 to 8.5%, till 2021. Globally, diabetes af f ects approximately 10.5% of the adult population, with projections indicating a rise to 643 million by 2030 and 783 million by 2045 3 . Th is rising prevalence emphasizes on the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. Despite a wide range of antidiabetic medications, such as fl avonoids, biguanides, sulfonylureas, selenoproteins, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, current treatments of t en fail to address critical issues, including drug stability, bioavailability, and long-term ef f i cacy 4,5 . Th ese limitations necessitate alternative approaches that enhance drug delivery and target glucose metabolism more ef f ectively. Traditional 1 Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan. 2 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia. 3 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan. 4 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan. 5 EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, Tours 37000, France. 6 Laboratory of Animal Health Food Hygiene and Quality, University of Ioannina, Arta, Greece. 7 Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia. 8 Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia. 9 Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf 72341, Saudi Arabia. 10 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ? email: bhabbasi@qau.edu.pk; iwockd@gmail.comOPENScientif i c Reports | (2025) 15:7016 1 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-90675-zwww.nature.com/scientificreports