1 3Eur Food Res TechnolDOI 10.1007/s00217-017-2890-6REVIEW ARTICLEDietary alkylresorcinols and cancer prevention: a systematic reviewJoanna Kruk 1 · Basil Aboul?Enein 2 · Joshua Bernstein 3 · Mariola Marchlewicz 4 Received: 15 November 2016 / Revised: 28 March 2017 / Accepted: 14 April 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publicationnervous system, adenocarcinoma, hepatocarcinoma, cer-vix squamous carcinoma, and ovarian cancer cell lines, at micromolar alkylresorcinols concentration. Evidence from prospective studies conf i rmed signif i cant inverse associations between whole grains intake and distal colon cancer risk. Model studies suggest a high cyto-toxicity of alkylresorcinols toward cancer cells. These fi ndings maintain that alkylresorcinols as components of whole grains are likely to fi nd application in cancer prevention; however, the need for intervention studies to conf i rm their preventive action is warranted.Keywords Alkylresorcinols · Bioactivity · Cancer · Prevention · CytotoxicityAbbreviationsARs AlkylresorcinolsROS Reactive oxygen speciesIGF Insulin growth factorLDL Low-density lipoproteinROO· Peroxyl radicalFFQ Food frequency questionnaireIC 50 Inhibitory concentration–inhibit cellular prolifera-tion by 50%PSA Prostate specif i c antigenOR Odds ratioIRR Incidence rate ratioCI Conf i dence intervalTGI Concentration of drugs that totally inhibit cell growthLC 50 Concentration of drugs resulting in cell death to 50%5-AR 5-AlkylresorcinolDNA Deoxyribonucleic acidATP Adenosine triphosphateAbstract The potential role of alkylresorcinol com-pound from whole grains for prevention and inhibition of human cancer cell lines has been reported in obser-vational and in vitro studies. The objective of this study was to present an updated review on the association between alkylresorcinols and cancer risk and aspects of their bioactivity with implications for carcinogenesis. Relevant studies were identif i ed by searching PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, SpringerLink, Arti-cleFirst, Taylor & Francis, Wiley Online, and Science-Direct electronic databases using these search terms and key words: alkylresorcinols, cancer, carcinoma, risk. Furthermore, references from retrieved articles were also reviewed. Four observational and 10 in vitro stud-ies were included in the analysis of natural or synthetic alkylresorcinols for anticancer activities. Two prospec-tive studies reported a 52–66% risk reduction of distal colon cancer at nanomolar alkylresorcinols concentra-tion in plasma; the remaining studies found no reduc-tion of endometrial cancer risk and an approximate 40% increase in prostate cancer risk. In vitro studies pre-sented inhibition of human colon, breast, lung, central * Joanna Kruk joanna.kruk@univ.szczecin.pl1 Department of Prevention and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physical Culture and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland2 Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK3 College of Graduate Health Studies, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO, USA4 Department of Aesthetic Dermatology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
