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Dif f erential ef f ects of sole and phosphorus based nitrogen fertilizer sources on wheat growth and nutrient use ef f i ciencyHaf i za Maria Asghar Alvi 1 , Wazir Ahmed 2? , Muhammad Yaseen 1 , Subhan Danish 3? , Nawaf Alshamamri 4 , Saf i a Obaidur Rab 5 & Rahul Datta 6Management of nutrients under changing climatic conditions has become a major challenge in agriculture, af f ecting nutrient availability, plant uptake, and overall crop productivity. Optimizing fertilization strategies, particularly through balanced fertilizer applications, is crucial to enhancing nutrient use ef f i ciency and ensuring sustainable crop yields under these dynamic environmental conditions. This study contributes to improving nitrogen management strategies for wheat in calcareous soils by evaluating dif f erent nitrate and ammonium ratios, of f ering insights for enhancing nitrogen use ef f i ciency and yield optimization. The treatments included: T 1 = DAP-Urea (100% N as NH 4 + ), T 2 = DAP-CAN (29% N as NH 4 + and 71% N as NO 3 − ), T 3 = NP-Urea (32% N as NH 4 + and 68% N as NO 3 − ), and T 4 = NP-CAN (100% N as NO 3 − ). Results showed that N uptake varied with NH 4 + /NO 3 − ratios in the fertilizer combinations. Wheat supplied with 100% N as NO 3 − (NP-CAN) had higher N, P, and K use ef f i ciencies compared to plants with 100% N as NH 4 + (DAP-Urea). Plants with 100% N as NO 3 − had higher INR, NACE, NARE, and NAUE (77%, 43%, 83%, 24 kg kg − 1 ) compared to those with 100% N as NH 4 + (67%, 26%, 29%, 18 kg kg − 1 ). FUTE decreased to 33% (NP-CAN) from 40% (DAP-Urea), while NPUE dropped to 29 g g − 1 (NP-CAN) from 67 g g − 1 (DAP-Urea). The fertilizer stress factor increased from 60% (DAP-Urea) to 67% (NP-CAN). Similar trends were observed in P and K use ef f i ciency. Plants with higher agronomic parameters and grain yield per hectare also showed improvements in PUE and KUE. Economic analysis indicated that nitrate-based NP combinations generated 13–42% more net income and 3–12% higher BCR compared to DAP-Urea. The VCR (3.13 to 5.04) suggests that nitrate-based combinations are economically viable for farmers.Keywords Wheat, Nitrogen use ef f i ciency, N ef f i cient use, NH 4 + /NO 3 −A crucial element in plant growth, nitrogen (N) availability in the soil signif i cantly impacts crop yield 1,2 . Nitrogen is essential for the synthesis of proteins, DNA, chlorophyll, and other plant structural components, making it the most important of all necessary nutrients for plants 1,3–5 . When applied, nitrogen enhances crop stand, growth, and ultimately production. Synthetic fertilizers are commonly used to meet the N requirements of crops af t er the Green Revolution 6 .T h e increased demand for food and feed af t er the Green Revolution in the 1960s led to the widespread use of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers 7 . However, heavy application of N fertilizers can result in lower N returns, increased N losses to the environment, and long-term contamination of aquatic systems with NO 3 − 8 . Th e excessive use of N fertilizers has not proportionally increased crop yields due to signif i cant N losses into the environment. Scientists are continuously exploring ways to address this issue by improving pasture techniques and N fertilization practices. But the right synthetic fertilizers that combine NO 3 − and NH 4 + can be used to address this issue.1 Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. 2 Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan. 3 Pesticide Quality Control Laboratory, Agriculture Complex, Old Shujabad Road, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 4 Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia. 5 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia. 6 Department of Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic. ? email: wazir.ahmed@mnsuam.edu.pk; sd96850@gmail.comOPENScientif i c Reports | (2025) 15:28613 1 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-12647-7www.nature.com/scientificreports