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13 Research on Remediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soil by Plant-Inoculation Cold-Adapt Bacteria Hong-Qi Wang * , Ying Xiong, Qian Wang, Xu-Guang Hao and Yu-Jiao Sun College of Water Sciences Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 1. Introduction With the rapid development of the petroleum industry, a large number of oil contaminants leaked into the soil in the petrochemical complex areas, gas stations, automobile factory and other places, which resulted in serious soil contamination. Micro-Biological degradation of oil pollution was the focus of the present study. Many hydrocarbon-contaminated environments were characterized by low or elevated temperatures, acidic or alkaline pH, high salt concentrations, or high pressure. Hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms, adapted to grow and thrive in these environments, played an important role in the biological treatment of polluted extreme habitats. The biodegradation of many components of petroleum hydrocarbons has been reported in a variety of terrestrial and marine cold ecosystems. Cold-adapted microorganisms are potentially interesting for use in environmental biotechnology applications since a large part of the biosphere has low temperatures during at least parts of the year. Many studies have shown that both oil-contaminated and uncontaminated soils in the Arctic, the Antarctic and the Alps contain microbes that can degrade different hydrocarbons deriving from oils [1] .For application at cold climate sites, bioremediation approaches are appealing because they have potential to be more efficient and cost-effective than alternative, more energy intensive approaches. Several bioremediation approaches have been reported to be successful for petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils at cold climate sites [2] . Two psychrotrophic bacterial strains isolated from Antarctic seawaters were investigated for their capability to degrade commercial diesel oil at 4 and 20°C over a period of two-months. The result suggested the possible exploitation of two bacterial strains in future biotechnological processes, directly as field-released micro-organisms both in cold and temperate contaminated marine environments [3] . The cold-adapted bacterial communities were also studied. Some research suggested that geographical origin of the samples, rather than petroleum contamination level, was more * Corresponding Author www.intechopen.com