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Contents lists available at ScienceDirectSolar Energyjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/solenerComponents control for high-voltage quasi-solid state dye-sensitized solarcells based on two-phase polymer gel electrolyteChen Li, Chenghao Xin, Liang Xu, Ya Zhong, Wenjun Wu ?Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and MolecularEngineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, ChinaA R T I C L E I N F OKeywords:Components controlHysteresis ef f ectQuasi-solid stateDye-sensitized solar cellsA B S T R A C TFor the quasi-solid-state electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the selection and optimization ofcomponents is a decisive process for high photovoltaic performance while maintaining stability. In this work, atwo-phase polymer gel system based on PEO and PEGDME formed by chemical crosslinking is used as quasi-solidelectrolyte in DSSCs. Through components of preparation solvent, iodine and GuSCN control, the photoelectricconversion ef f i ciency of QS-DSSCs reaches 7.66%, especially the open-circuit voltage reaches 793 mV due to theself-assembly and ionic conductivity promotion. It lays a solid foundation for probing its potential value of quasi-solid dye-sensitized solar cells.1. IntroductionIn order to solve the stability of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)based on liquid electrolyte, quasi-solidif i cation and solidif i cation areinevitable research area for its application development (Chiang et al.,2018; Huang et al., 2018; Senevirathne et al., 2018; Song et al., 2017;Suzuka et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2008; Xia et al., 2016; Yu et al., 2016a;Zheng et al., 2017). Although the power conversion ef f i ciency (PCE) ofquasi-solid dye-sensitized solar cells (QS-DSSC) is still lower than thatof liquid ones, the polymer gel electrolyte has received widespreadattention due to its three-dimensional network structure with higherionic conductivity and good pore size permeability(Cho et al., 2015;Tao et al., 2015).In general, for obtaining higher PCE of QS-DSSCs, the researches(Akhtar et al., 2007; Huo et al., 2010) carried out on polymer gelelectrolytes mainly involve: (1) the improvement of the ionic con-ductivity on account of their lower conductivity and mobility relativelyto the liquid electrolytes; (2) the enhancement of their permeability forthe photoanode mesoporous TiO 2 membrane in view of the networkstructure; (3) the increasement of the electrical conductivity throughchange of their mechanical properties in virtue of the copolymerizing,grafting, or blending.The polymer gel electrolyte is usually a mixture of some redoxcomponents and low-molecular polymers such as polyethylene oxide(PEO or PEG) or polyacrylonitrile (PAN) forming viscous gel system.However, the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes mainlydepends on the concentration and mobility of the charge carriers, whichare essentially related to the interaction of cations and ligands in thepolymers (Zhou et al., 2009). Recently, polyethylene oxide (PEO) hasbeen widely studied as quasi-solid electrolyte for DSSCs due to its betterchemical stability and mechanical properties. For example, the photo-electric properties of QS-DSSC devices based on PEO as a gelling agent,exhibit good stability (Akhtar et al., 2007; Seidalilir et al., 2015). Inorder to further improve the mechanical properties and electrical con-ductivity of PEO-based gel electrolytes, in this work, we got the two-phase polymer through chemical crosslinking with PEO and poly-ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (PEGDME) as curing agent of DSSCselectrolyte. In virtue of self-assembly promotion and high-conductivedif f usion, the optimal PCE of 7.66% was achieved and its open-circuitvoltage (V oc ) was close to 793mV (Fig. 1a). A new approach was es-tablished for DSSCs to improve their photothermal stability.2. Experimental details2.1. MaterialsValeronitrile and 1,3-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII)were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 18-NRT transmission layer and18NR-AO scattering layer TiO 2 paste were purchased fromGreatcellsolar Company, Australia. Lithium bis(tri-f l uoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LITFSI) was from Alfa Aesar. All re-agents are AR grades and used directly without further processing.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.01.072Received 26 September 2018; Received in revised form 20 January 2019; Accepted 22 January 2019? Corresponding author.E-mail address: wjwu@ecust.edu.cn (W. Wu).Solar Energy 181 (2019) 130–136Available online 02 February 20190038-092X/ © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Solar Energy Society.T