ORIGINAL PAPERMacro- and microclimate conditions may alter grapevinedeacclimation: variation in thermal amplitude in two contrastingwine regions from North and South AmericaFrancisco Gonzalez Antivilo 1 & Rosalía Cristina Paz 2 & Markus Keller 3 &Roberto Borgo 4 & Jorge Tognetti 5,6 & Fidel Roig Juñent 1Received: 21 April 2017 /Revised: 6 June 2017 /Accepted: 16 June 2017 /Published online: 17 July 2017# ISB 2017Abstract Low temperature is a limiting factor that affectsvineyard distribution globally. The level of cold hardinessacquired during the dormant season by Vitis sp. is crucial forwinter survival. Most research published on this topic hasbeen generated beyond 40° N latitude, where daily mean tem-peratures may attain injurious levels during the dormant sea-son resulting in significant damage to vines and buds.Symptoms of cold injury have been identified in Mendoza(32–35° S latitude), a Southern Hemisphere wine region char-acterizedbyahighthermalamplitude,andwarmwindsduringthe dormant season. These symptoms have usually been at-tributed to drought and/or pathogens, but not to rapiddeacclimation followed by injurious low temperatures.Because local information on meteorological events as prob-able causes is scarce, this research was designed to test andstudy this assumption by comparing macro-, meso-, and mi-croclimatic data from Mendoza, Argentina, and easternWashington, USA. The goal was to unveil why freezing dam-agehas occurredinbothregions,despite theexistenceoflargeclimaticdifferences.Becauseenvironmentalparametersunderfield conditions may not correspond to data recorded by con-ventional weather stations, sensors were installed invineyardsfor comparison. Microclimatic conditions on grapevines werealso evaluated to assess the most vulnerable portions of field-grown grapevines. In order to better understand if it may bepossible to modify cold hardiness status in a short period withhigh thermal amplitude conditions, deacclimation was in-duced using a thermal treatment. Hence, despite the fact thatMendoza iswarmer, and temperaturesare not asextreme asinWashington, high daily thermal amplitude might be partiallyinvolved in plant deacclimation, leading to a differential coldhardiness response.Keywords Coldhardiness . Deacclimation . Thermalamplitude . Grapevine . Mendoza . WashingtonstateIntroductionClimate affects the distribution of vineyards, resulting in lo-calization of the main areas of viticulture between 30 and 50°N and 30–40° S. These latitudes define areas correspondingapproximately to isotherms between 10 and 20 °C. As a pe-rennial temperate plant, the physiology of this climbing plantis adapted to a marked seasonality modulated by temperature.Thus, warmconditionsduringthe growingseason(GS,springto autumn) are crucial for plant development and fruit produc-tion, while during autumn-winter, the cessation of growthElectronic supplementary material The online version of this article(doi:10.1007/s00484-017-1400-7) contains supplementary material,which is available to authorized users.* Francisco Gonzalez Antiviloing.gonzalezantivilo@gmail.com1Laboratorio de Dendrocronología e Historia Ambiental, IANIGLA,CCT-CONICET-Mendoza, Av. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque Gral. SanMartín,, PO Box 5500, CC 330 Mendoza, Argentina2CIGEOBIO (FCEFyN, UNSJ/CONICET), Av. Ignacio de la Roza590 (Oeste), J5402DCS, Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina3Department of Horticulture, Irrigated Agriculture Research andExtension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350,USA4Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Luján deCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina5Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal—Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias,Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina6Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de BuenosAires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInt J Biometeorol (2017) 61:2033–2045DOI 10.1007/s00484-017-1400-7
