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Vol.: (0123456789)GeoJournal (2025) 90:60 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-025-11309-5“We are neither here nor there”: considerations of internal migration within forced displacement among evacuees in Israel’s northern peripheryYael Grinshtain  · Mina HaruvAccepted: 17 February 2025 / Published online: 28 February 2025 © The Author(s) 2025toward the periphery included economic, emotional-sentimental, ideological, and parental-familial con-siderations. The push factors away from the periph-ery included security crises, community burdens, and marginalized living conditions. The fi ndings demon-strate an ongoing struggle between the old life and the new life, leading to an imbalance between the dif f er-ent needs and demands of the evacuees.Keywords Internal migration · Displacement · Northern periphery · Push–pull motivation · IsraelIntroductionDisplacement and internal migration are considered two complicated phenomena that can signif i cantly challenge individuals throughout their life course, particularly in decisions related to family, employ-ment, transportation, education, and health. While internal migration is perceived as a more voluntary process (Voznyak et al., 2023), displacement is often associated with forced circumstances, primarily nega-tive ones such as emergencies or conf l icts (Lozyn-skyy et al., 2023). Therefore, the choice of where to live–central to individuals’ lives–should be explored within the context of time and place, taking into account various factors that can increase or decrease the options available to individuals face.This is particularly relevant during the prolonged period of an ongoing crisis. The outbreak of the Abstract Following a forced internal displacement process among evacuated parents during the ongo-ing crisis in Israel, the current study aimed to explore the feelings of the evacuees as well as the considera-tions surrounding internal migration as a more volun-tary process. The Push–Pull Motivation theory was used as a framework for describing the factors that parents deliberate or debate during their search for a place to relocate during challenging periods. The pri-mary locations of both origin and destination are in the Israeli Northern periphery characterized by geo-graphical features such as distance from the center and proximity to Israel’s borders. Additionally, the temporarily evacuated locations were also considered as both origin and destination, representing areas out-side the periphery. The phenomenological approach was employed based on 50 semi-structured interviews conducted with parents of K-12 students. The the-matic analysis revealed three themes related to feel-ings regarding the evacuation: a sense of detachment, lack of free will, and deep concern for the well-being of the children. Furthermore, internal migration con-siderations are described through four situations that ref l ect the intersection of push and pull factors, both within and outside the periphery. The pull factors Y. Grinshtain (*) · M. Haruv Tel-Hai Academic College, Qiryat Shemona, Israele-mail: grinshtainya@telhai.ac.ilM. Haruv e-mail: minamalul@gmail.com