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    188宝金博页面版: Anthropogenic and natural sources of ambient noise in the…

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    内容提示： MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIESMar Ecol Prog SerVol. 395: 5–20, 2009doi: 10.3354/meps08353Published December 3INTRODUCTIONAmbient sound is an important aspect of marinehabitat (Richardson et al. 1995, Halpern et al. 2008).Sound is an extremely efficient way to propagateenergy through the ocean, and marine organisms haveevolved to exploit this property. Fish utilize sound fornavigation and selection of habitat, mating, and com-munication (Bass & McKibben 2003, Simpson et al.2005). Marine mammals use sound a...

    文档格式：PDF | 页数：16 | 浏览次数：33 | 上传日期：2016-04-05 00:04:13 | 文档星级：
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIESMar Ecol Prog SerVol. 395: 5–20, 2009doi: 10.3354/meps08353Published December 3INTRODUCTIONAmbient sound is an important aspect of marinehabitat (Richardson et al. 1995, Halpern et al. 2008).Sound is an extremely efficient way to propagateenergy through the ocean, and marine organisms haveevolved to exploit this property. Fish utilize sound fornavigation and selection of habitat, mating, and com-munication (Bass & McKibben 2003, Simpson et al.2005). Marine mammals use sound as a primary meansfor underwater communication and sensing (Wartzok& Ketten 1999). Toothed whales have developedsophisticated echolocation systems to sense and trackthe presence of prey (Au 1993). Baleen whales havedeveloped long-range acoustic communication sys-tems to facilitate mating and social interaction (Edds-Walton 1997). Marine organisms may be expected tochoose their locations and modify their behavior based,in part, on natural and anthropogenic backgroundnoise. Knowledge about the characteristics of oceannoise and its distribution relative to the location andmovements of marine organisms is important forunderstanding the potential impacts of anthropogenicsound.Ambient noise in the ocean is the sound field againstwhich signals must be detected. In the ambient noisefield, it is often difficult to ascribe a particular sound toa localized source. The character of ambient noiseresults both from the characteristics of the multitude ofcontributing sound sources and the ability of sound topropagate efficiently from one location to another.Noise in the ocean is the result of both natural andanthropogenic sources. Natural sources of noise in-clude processes such as earthquakes, wind-driven© Inter-Research 2009 · www.int-res.com *Email: jhildebrand@ucsd.eduAnthropogenic and natural sources of ambientnoise in the oceanJohn A. Hildebrand*Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0205, USAABSTRACT: Ocean ambient noise results from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Differentnoise sources are dominant in each of 3 frequency bands: low (10 to 500 Hz), medium (500 Hz to25 kHz) and high (>25 kHz). The low-frequency band is dominated by anthropogenic sources: pri-marily, commercial shipping and, secondarily, seismic exploration. Shipping and seismic sources con-tribute to ambient noise across ocean basins, since low-frequency sound experiences little attenua-tion, allowing for long-range propagation. Over the past few decades the shipping contribution toambient noise has increased by as much as 12 dB, coincident with a significant increase in the num-ber and size of vessels comprising the world’s commercial shipping fleet. During this time, oil explo-ration and construction activities along continental margins have moved into deeper water, and thelong-range propagation of seismic signals has increased. Medium frequency sound cannot propagateover long ranges, owing to greater attenuation, and only local or regional (10s of km distant) soundsources contribute to the ambient noise field. Ambient noise in the mid-frequency band is primarilydue to sea-surface agitation: breaking waves, spray, bubble formation and collapse, and rainfall. Var-ious sonars (e.g. military and mapping), as well as small vessels, contribute anthropogenic noise atmid-frequencies. At high frequencies, acoustic attenuation becomes extreme so that all noise sourcesare confined to an area close to the receiver. Thermal noise, the result of Brownian motion of watermolecules near the hydrophone, is the dominant noise source above about 60 kHz.KEY WORDS: Acoustics · Ocean ambient noise · Shipping · Sonar · Seismic exploration · Wave actionResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherO O PEN A A CCESSContribution to the Theme section ‘Acoustics in marine ecology’

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