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    188宝金博页面版: Does economic liberalisation endanger indigenous technological developments An analysis of the Indian experience

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    内容提示： Research Policy 31 (2002) 19–30Does economic liberalisation endanger indigenoustechnological developments?An analysis of the Indian experienceHomi Katrak?Department of Economics, School of Human Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UKReceived 29 August 2000; received in revised form 13 November 2000; accepted 10 January 2001AbstractIndia’s recent economic liberalisation measures have raised concerns that enterprises will begin to neglect the developmentof indigenous technologies and...

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    Research Policy 31 (2002) 19–30Does economic liberalisation endanger indigenoustechnological developments?An analysis of the Indian experienceHomi Katrak∗Department of Economics, School of Human Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UKReceived 29 August 2000; received in revised form 13 November 2000; accepted 10 January 2001AbstractIndia’s recent economic liberalisation measures have raised concerns that enterprises will begin to neglect the developmentof indigenous technologies and will make increasing use of imported technologies and/or of standardised technologies. Thispaper argues that the comparative advantages of the different types of technologies will depend on certain enterprise-levelcharacteristics, including age and size, and consequently enterprises that use the technologies based on their in-house R&Defforts may perform well even under a liberalised regime. Empirical tests, using data of enterprises in three major industrygroups, gave results consistent with these arguments. Over the period 1991–1998, the growth performance of enterprises thatmake products based on their in-house R&D efforts have compared favourably with those of other enterprises, in two ofthe industries. Moreover, the share of the R&D based products in enterprises’ overall sales has been maintained, in both theindustries for which this test could be undertaken. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: Economic liberalisation; In-house technological developments; Products based on the R&D efforts1. IntroductionDuring the past two decades, or so, an increasingnumber of the newly industrialised and other deve-lopingcountrieshaveimplementedmajorprogrammesof economic liberalisation and reforms. Previous in-ward looking and regulatory policies, including (i)protection from import competition, (ii) over valuedexchange rates, (iii) restrictions on the inflow of tech-nology and direct foreign investment and (iv) indus-trial licensing, have now been replaced by outwardlooking and market responsive regimes.The inward looking policies had diverse effects.On the one hand, various restrictions, such as import∗Tel.: +44-1483-879380; fax: +44-1483-879548.tariffs (and quotas) and industrial licensing, had dis-couraged market competition and that, in turn, hadreduced the incentives (and pressures) for productiveefficiency. On the other hand, the earlier policies didhelp some countries to set up a broad industrial base.Quite a few enterprises have acquired the ability tomake a range of different types of products. Someof these are ‘old’ products, i.e. made with standard-ised technologies, while others require the use ofimported technological know-how. More recently,some enterprises have succeeded in making productsbased mainly on their in-house R&D efforts; thesedevelopments have been noted by Hobday (1995)and Lall (1996), for countries in east Asia, Braga andWillmore (1991) and Ferraz et al. (1992), for LatinAmerica, and Katrak (1994) for India.0048-7333/02/$ – see front matter © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.PII: S0048-7333(01)00109-3

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