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    188宝金博页面版: Microbial destruction of cyanide wastes in gold mining process review

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    内容提示： Biotechnology Letters 25: 445–450, 2003.? 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.445ReviewMicrobial destruction of cyanide wastes in gold mining: process reviewAta Akcil1,?& Terry Mudder21BIOMIN Group, Suleyman Demirel University, TR 32260 Isparta, Turkey2TIMES Limited, 1604 Leopard Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA?Author for correspondence (Fax: +90-246-2370434;E-mail: ata@mmf.sdu.edu.tr)Received 8 November 2002; Revisions requested 28 November 2002/6 January 2003; Revisions receiv...

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    Biotechnology Letters 25: 445–450, 2003.© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.445ReviewMicrobial destruction of cyanide wastes in gold mining: process reviewAta Akcil1,∗& Terry Mudder21BIOMIN Group, Suleyman Demirel University, TR 32260 Isparta, Turkey2TIMES Limited, 1604 Leopard Street, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA∗Author for correspondence (Fax: +90-246-2370434;E-mail: ata@mmf.sdu.edu.tr)Received 8 November 2002; Revisions requested 28 November 2002/6 January 2003; Revisions received 6 January 2003/28 January 2003;Accepted 28 January 2003Key words: biologicaltreatment, biotechnology,cyanide, destruction, environmental,gold mining, microorganism,wasteAbstractMicrobialdestruction of cyanideand its related compoundsis one of the most important biotechnologiesto emergein the last two decadesfor treatingprocess andtailings solutionsat preciousmetals miningoperations. Hundredsofplant and microbial species (bacteria, fungi and algae) can detoxify cyanide quickly to environmentallyacceptablelevelsand intoless harmfulby-products.Full-scale bacterialprocesseshavebeenused effectivelyformanyyears incommercial applications in North America. Several species of bacteria can convert cyanide under both aerobic andanaerobic conditions using it as a primary source of nitrogen and carbon. Other organismsare capable of oxidizingthe cyanide related compounds of thiocyanate and ammonia under varying conditions of pH, temperature, nutrientlevels, oxygen, and metal concentrations. This paper presents an overview of the destruction of cyanide in miningrelated solutions by microbial processes.IntroductionSeveral industries, including plastics, electroplating,organic chemicals production, photographic develop-ing, and pharmaceuticals, use cyanide. In gold andsilver mining, cyanide is used to recover these pre-cious metals through the leaching process. Cyanideleaching remains the only viable chemical lixivant fortherecoveryofgold,accountingfor90%ofworldpro-duction. This technology has been employed globallyfor over a century. The environmental and toxicologi-cal properties of cyanide have been well documentedalthough its actual impacts are often overstated (Mud-der 1999a,b, Mudder & Botz 2001). Concerns relatedtotheenvironmentalimpactsofcyanidehaveledtothedevelopment of an United Nations Environment Pro-gramme (UNEP) international code for managementof cyanide in gold mining (Mudder 2002, Mudder &Chadwick 2001). There are many chemical, physi-cal, and biological processes by which cyanide canbe destructed such as SO2/air (INCO process), cop-per catalyzed hydrogenperoxide, Caro’s acid, alkalinebreakdown chlorination, iron precipitation, granularactivated carbon, cyanide recovery, and natural atten-uation. Three recent extensive reviews and summarieshave been published examining the analysis, chem-istry, environmental fate, management, toxicity, andtreatment of cyanide (Botz & Mudder 2002, Logsdonet al. 1999, Mudder et al. 2001a,b).Cyanide leaching still remains the most studiedand employed lixivant system for extraction of goldandsilveronthebasisofreagentavailability,effective-ness, cost, and environmental compatibility (McNulty2001).The copper-catalyzed chemical processes, includ-ing the SO2/air (INCO process) and the hydrogenperoxide process, have been the most successfullyapplied worldwide for the chemical and oxidative de-struction of cyanide in leaching process solutions, butthere are still concerns in mining applications due tothe strict environmental regulations and costs. The

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