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ZDES Working Paper, University of Bielefeld, 2006 Enclaves and Exclaves of the World: Setting the Framework for a Theory of Enclaves Evgeny Vinokurov (Institute for World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow) Table of contents Why study enclaves? ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Definitions and criteria ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Literature review .................................................................................................................................................... 12 Principal dichotomy of territorial enclaves and the lists of enclaves according to their type ................................. 21 Enclave types outside of the scope of the theory .................................................................................................... 38 Other classifications ............................................................................................................................................... 39 Comparisons of the types: patterns of location and population distribution ........................................................... 42 Conceptual framework: the mainland-enclave-surrounding state triangle ............................................................. 46 Ceuta and Melilla: the four axes of the MES triangle in practice ........................................................................... 52 References .............................................................................................................................................................. 62 Why study enclaves? It has been stated innumerable times that Gibraltar would become Spanish again, ‘before 1800’, ‘after the war’ (with reference to several wars), ‘before 2000’ or simply ‘within 20 years time’. Time and dates pass but Gibraltar remains stubbornly British and celebrates its 300th anniversary as a British possession. A remarkable referendum was held there in 2002 when more than 99 per cent of the population unambiguously expressed their wish to remain British. It was said a number of times that Ceuta and Melilla ought to be Moroccan. Will they turn Moroccan one day? Ceuta and Melilla have remained Spanish beachheads since 1668, and Spain is ready to fight for them as the events of 2002 showed when Spain sent its fleet to defend the tiny uninhabitable island of Perejil lying just 250 meters from the Moroccan coast, where Moroccan peasants let their goats graze. Russian politicians and analysts cry in despair