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Catalytic performance of carbonaceous materials in the esterificationof succinic acidJames H. Clarka,*, Vitaly Budarina, Thomas Dugmorea, Rafael Luquea,*,Duncan J. Macquarriea, Volodimir StrelkobaGreen Chemistry Centre ofExcellence, Department ofChemistry, The University ofYork, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United KingdombInstitute ofSorption and Endoecology Problems, National Academy ofSciences ofUkraine, 13 General Naumov Str., Kyiv-142, UkraineReceived 15 October 2007; received in revised form 7 January 2008; accepted 29 January 2008Available online 20 February 2008AbstractMesoporous carbonaceous materials have outstanding potential in many different applications such as adsorption, medicine andcatalysis. We have recently reported the synthesis ofa new form ofmesoporous carbon, named Starboncarbonization of expanded starch. Such starch-derived mesoporous materials have several tunable properties including surface energies(ranging from hydrophilic to hydrophobic surfaces), which can be easily controlled by the degree ofcarbonization (from 200 to 700 °C).Due to the diversity of surface functional groups, Starbonssulfuric acid gave a solid acid that has promising properties as heterogeneous catalyst. Comparative catalytic studies with some othersimilar commercial carbonaceous materials such as DARCOare reported.Ó 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Ò, obtained after low temperatureÒcan be easily chemically modified. Treatment of StarbonÒmaterials withÒand NORITÒ, as well as phosphorous-containing microporous carbons,Keywords: Heterogeneous catalysis; Carbonaceous materials; Succinic acid esterification1. IntroductionPlants and animals are a source of many chemical prod-ucts (metabolites), which can become key platform chemi-cals for synthesis, also known as ‘‘platform molecules”.Bio-platform molecules, also known as building blocks,are molecules with multiple functional groups that possessthe potential to be transformed into new families of usefulmolecules, including commodity and specialty chemicals.Among them, the C3 (glycerol and 3-hydroxypropionicacid), C4(succinic (SA), fumaric and maleic acids, asparticacid and 3-hydroxibutyrolactone), C5(levulinic, glutamicand itaconic acids) and C6(glucaric and 2,5-furan-di-car-boxylic acid) have been ranked among the top platformchemicals, strengthened by a recent report by the USDepartment of Energy [1]. SA (1,4-butanedioic acid) is amolecule of particular interest. It is a metabolite of theKrebs cycle, a respiratory process involving the breakdownof carbohydrates. Currently, SA is predominantly pro-duced petrochemically. Maleic anhydride, produced viabutane oxidation, is hydrated to maleic acid and then sub-sequently hydrogenated to SA. Production via this routeexceeds 15,000 tpa. at a selling price between $5.90 and8.80 kgÀ1[2]. Nevertheless, we are now aware that SA,among several platform chemicals, can be produced fromcrops fermentation (after a few upstream processingstages), using different microorganisms in a bioreaction[3], hence fitting in the future paradigm of the biorefinery.The versatile properties of SA [4] turn it into an importantingredient in the manufacture of various specialty andcommodity chemicals including pharmaceuticals, plantgrowth stimulants, feed additives, green solvents, foods,detergents, surfactants, corrosion inhibitors and cosmeticsas well as for the production of various commodity chem-1566-7367/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2008.01.037*Corresponding authors. Tel.: +44 (0) 1904 432568; fax: +44 (0) 1904432705 (R. Luque).E-mail address: rla3@york.ac.uk (R. Luque).www.elsevier.com/locate/catcomAvailable online at www.sciencedirect.comCatalysis Communications 9 (2008) 1709–1714