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RESEARCHTheoretical and Applied Climatology (2025) 156:449https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05680-zmaize sown area, and the total output accounted for 33.38% of the national total maize output (Statistics 2023). Spring maize in Northeast China holds an important position in national grain production and is of great signif i cance for ensuring national food security.However, the renowned Northeast Golden Maize Belt is located at middle and high latitudes and mainly relies on rainfall for irrigation. During the growing season from May to September, it is prone to the inf l uences of agrome-teorological disasters such as low-temperature, drought, waterlogging, and insuf f i cient sunlight, seriously threaten-ing regional grain production and security. Among them, the fl owering period of spring maize in Northeast China is the most sensitive to light, temperature, and water stress. Low-temperature stress leads to poor pollination, a signif-icant reduction in ear length and grain number per ear, a signif i cant decrease in grain weight, and a longer interval 1 IntroductionSpring maize is the primary grain crop in the three north-eastern provinces of China. The average total maize output from 2018 to 2022 accounted for 63.71% of the total grain output in the three provinces (Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaon-ing); the three northeastern provinces are also major maize-producing areas in China. The average maize sown area in the past fi ve years accounted for 30.96% of the national total Lixia Jianghljjlx@163.com1 Heilongjiang Province Institute of Meteorological Science, DianTan, 71, 150030 Harbin, China2 Wuying National Climatological Observatory, DianTan, 71, 150030 Harbin, ChinaAbstractThis study focuses on the four typical agrometeorological disasters in cold regions that frequently occur during the fl owering period of spring maize in Northeast China, namely low temperature, drought, waterlogging, and insuf f i cient sunlight. By using meteorological data, spring maize growth period, yield, and yield composition, and integrating statisti-cal analysis and machine learning techniques, the Compound Stress Occurrence Index of low temperature, insuf f i cient sunlight, drought and waterlogging during the Spring maize fl owering reriod in Cold Regions (MCSI) was def i ned and constructed, using the bald tip rate as a characteristic parameter. The relationship among disaster-causing factors, yield composition, and yield were established hierarchically, the entire compound disaster process was analyzed, revealing the impact mechanism of the compound stress on maize yield. Relevant evaluation models were established and threshold indicators were divided. The results indicated that the critical threshold values of the compound disaster indicators of light, moderate and severe levels during the spring maize fl owering period in cold regions are [0.31, 0.42), [0.42, 0.52), and [0.52, 0.76], respectively, and the yield loss rates are [0.4%, 3.5%), [3.5%, 7%), and [7%, 17.5%], respectively. The verif i cation results of 446 samples showed that the average proportion of stations with consistent or a one-level dif f erence in yield loss grades is 88.3%. It indicated that this index was capable of evaluating the yield loss caused by compound disasters relatively well. The research fi ndings can enrich the monitoring, early warning and assessment approaches of agrometeorological disasters in the high latitudes at the technical level, providing meteorological references for ensuring the safe production of spring maize in Northeast China and regional disaster reduction and ef f i ciency enhancement.Received: 9 April 2025 / Accepted: 16 July 2025 / Published online: 6 August 2025© The Author(s) 2025Loss assessment of the compound disasters of low temperature, insuf f i cient sunlight, drought and waterlogging during the spring maize fl owering period in cold regionsJiajia Lv 1,2  · Zheng Chu 1,2  · XiuFen Li 1,2  · Lijuan Gong 1,2  · Jingjin Gong 1,2  · Lixia Jiang 1,2  · Haixia Zhu 1,2  · Baocai Zhou 1,21 3