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    188宝金博页面版: Our future Experiencing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and pandemic

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    内容提示： ReviewOur future: Experiencing the coronavirus disease2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and pandemicShu Hashimotoa,b,*,1 , Mari Hikichi b,1 , Shuichiro Maruoka b ,Yasuhiro GonbaJapan Clean Air Association, 2-2-3 Hibiyakokusai Bud. Uchisaiwaichou, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0001, JapanbDivision of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1Ohyaguchikamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japana r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 16 November 2020Received in r...

    文档格式：PDF | 页数：11 | 浏览次数：20 | 上传日期：2021-03-12 22:26:16 | 文档星级：
    ReviewOur future: Experiencing the coronavirus disease2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and pandemicShu Hashimotoa,b,*,1 , Mari Hikichi b,1 , Shuichiro Maruoka b ,Yasuhiro GonbaJapan Clean Air Association, 2-2-3 Hibiyakokusai Bud. Uchisaiwaichou, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0001, JapanbDivision of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1Ohyaguchikamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japana r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 16 November 2020Received in revised form19 November 2020Accepted 20 November 2020Available online 17 December 2020Keywords:COVID-19Global warmingAir pollutionSocial inequalityZoonotic diseasea b s t r a c tOutbreaks of the novel coronavirus disease (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavi-rus 2: SARS-CoV-2) (coronavirus disease 2019; COVID-19) remind us once again of themechanisms of zoonotic outbreaks. Climate change and the expansion of agriculturallands and infrastructures due to population growth will ultimately reduce or eliminatewildlife and avian habitats and increase opportunities for wildlife and birds to come intocontact with livestock and humans. Consequently, infectious pathogens are transmittedfrom wildlife and birds to livestock and humans, promoting zoonotic diseases. In addition,the spread of diseases has been associated with air pollution and social inequities, such asracial discrimination, gender inequality, and racial, economic, and educational disparities.The COVID-19 pandemic is a fresh reminder of the signif i cance of excessive greenhousegas excretion and air pollution, highlighting social inequities and distortions. This providesus with an opportunity to ref l ect on the appropriateness of our trajectory. Therefore, thisreview glances through the COVID-19 pandemic and discusses our future.© 2020 The Japanese Respiratory Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Contents1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1702. Trajectory of infectious diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1703. Global warming and climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1703.1. Deforestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713.2. Wetland reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713.3. Permafrost reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713.4. Wildfires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171* Corresponding author. Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1hyaguchikammachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.E-mail address: hashimoto.shu@nihion-u.ac.jp (S. Hashimoto).1Hashimoto S and Hikichi M made an equal contribution to the writing of this article.Available online at www.sciencedirect.comRespiratory Investigationjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resinvrespiratory investigation 59 (2021) 169e179https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resinv.2020.11.0062212-5345/© 2020 The Japanese Respiratory Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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