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    内容提示： - 135 -All Roads Lead Through Animal Genetics(Also published on-line in AgBiotechNet at URL http://agbio.cabweb.org.)PAUL B. SIEGELDepartment of Animal and Poultry SciencesVirginia Tech, VA, U.S.A.This paper attempts to provide an overview of the convergence of roads that leadthrough animal genetics. Background is provided on the domestication process,phenotypic variation and evaluation, the dynamics between artificial and naturalselection, and allocation of resources to biological needs, in a time whenkno...

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    - 135 -All Roads Lead Through Animal Genetics(Also published on-line in AgBiotechNet at URL http://agbio.cabweb.org.)PAUL B. SIEGELDepartment of Animal and Poultry SciencesVirginia Tech, VA, U.S.A.This paper attempts to provide an overview of the convergence of roads that leadthrough animal genetics. Background is provided on the domestication process,phenotypic variation and evaluation, the dynamics between artificial and naturalselection, and allocation of resources to biological needs, in a time whenknowledge from genomics is entering the paradigm.BackgroundAlthough genetics is essentially a 20thcentury science, animal breeding has a history going back thousands ofyears. Genetic decisions on the choice of animals to reproduce populations has been and continues to becritical in the breeding of the many forms of livestock and poultry. In the first chapter of The Origin ofSpecies, Darwin (1859) describes unconscious selection, where breeding of animals was controlled toinfluence the expression of traits in subsequent generations. The title of that chapter, “Variation underDomestication”, demonstrates that Darwin recognized the importance of variation and its value in breedingprograms. Although domestication of animals has had major influences on civilization, it is recent in terms ofhuman history and, because domestic animals cross freely with their wild ancestors, may be considered aminor evolutionary phenomenon.Animal genetics continues to have an important role in the breeding of animals and the process ofdomestication. Advances in statistical and biological procedures have allowed for greater sophistication in thetools available to animal breeders and geneticists. Although judicious use of these tools has potential toaccelerate genetic changes in populations, the changes still result from selection, mutation, migration, andchance, with recombination an important aspect of the mix. Breeding programs may differ depending onwhether the goal is for changes in sport, power, transportation, or animal product. Achieving the goals mayinvolve “fine tuning” or major changes in the direction of the breeding program. An example of the latteroccurred during the last half of this century, when in much of the world the dual purpose chicken was replacedby stocks bred specifically either for meat or for egg production. These changes in breeding goals requiredestablishing specific sire and dam lines, using multistage selection, estimating specific combining ability, anddeveloping specialized husbandry, processing, and marketing programs.Hardly a day passes without reference in the popular press to cloning and transgenics, and the past decade hasseen an emergence of interest in the use of animal genetics for production of products for human medicine.An example from chickens is selection for larger combs from which hyaluronic acid is harvested (Tufvessonet al., 1998). The harvesting of products from animals for use in biomedicine, however, is not new, asevidenced by the use of horses for the production of several compounds. I would be remiss in not pointing out

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