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2017 年同济大学英语语种??英语写作和专业知识及综合能力面试之语言学教程复试仿真模拟三套题?一? 说明?本资料为 2017 复试学员内部使用?严格按照 2017 复试常考题型及难度全真模拟预测。 ———————————————————————————————————————— 一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms 1? Phatic function ? communion ? 【答案】 Phatic function: The phatic function of language refers to the use of the language which often consists of small, seemingly meaningless expression for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts rather than for exchanging information or ideas. For example, greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English could serve this function. 2? Language acquisition 【答案】 It refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations. 3? Contextual meaning 【答案】 It is also called speaker’s meaning, or utterance meaning, which is more closely related to the context. For example, when a person says “My bag is heavy”?what he actually means may be asking the hearer to help him carry the bag. 4? Prefix 【答案】 In linguistics, a prefix is a type of affix that precedes the morphemes to which it can attach. Prefixes are bound morphemes ?they cannot occur as independent words ? . While most languages employ both prefixes and suffixes, prefixes are less common. Some languages employ mostly suffixes and almost no prefixes at all. The use of prefixes has been found to correlate statistically with other linguistic features, such as a verb-object word order and the use of prepositions. 5? figure-ground alignment 【答案】 Figure-ground alignment seems to apply to space with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration. It also applies to human perception of moving objects. Since the moving object is typically the most prominent one, because it is moving, it is typically the figure, while the remaining stimuli constitute the ground. 6? Arbitrariness 【答案】 Arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs have no natural relationship to their meaning. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, a conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. For example, it is unable to explain why a book is called a /buk/ and a pen a /pen/. 7? Semantic field 【答案】 It is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their