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    188宝金博页面版: Spatial variation of water supply and demand in Sri Lanka.

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    内容提示： 19Spatial Variation of Water Supply and Demand in Sri LankaUpali A. AmarasingheInternational Water Management Institute, New Delhi OfficeIntroductionAt an aggregate level, Sri Lanka, the so called ‘tear drop’ island in the Indian Ocean, has a richfreshwater endowment. In a geographic area of 65,000 km 2 , Sri Lanka is blessed with 103 smalland medium rivers, collecting about 52 billion cubic meters (bcm) of annual surface runoff. Inper capita terms, the annual runoff in 2001 was 2,799 m 3 , which willl ...

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    19Spatial Variation of Water Supply and Demand in Sri LankaUpali A. AmarasingheInternational Water Management Institute, New Delhi OfficeIntroductionAt an aggregate level, Sri Lanka, the so called ‘tear drop’ island in the Indian Ocean, has a richfreshwater endowment. In a geographic area of 65,000 km 2 , Sri Lanka is blessed with 103 smalland medium rivers, collecting about 52 billion cubic meters (bcm) of annual surface runoff. Inper capita terms, the annual runoff in 2001 was 2,799 m 3 , which willl decrease to about 2,232 m 3by 2050. Thus, Sri Lanka is well within the generally accepted national water scarcity thresholdof 1,700 m 3 /person suggested by Falkenmark et al. (1989). However, underneath the aggregatestatistics, there lies a stark spatial and temporal variation of water supply, which is generallya common feature in countries with arid to semi-arid to humid tropics (Amarasinghe et al. 2005).In fact, Sri Lanka’s freshwater availability varies significantly across river basins and seasons.Monsoonal weather patterns have a major influence on the spatial and temporal variationof water availability within the country. The wet-zone districts with only 23 % of the land areaaccount for 51 % of the annual surface runoff, and in the yala season (April-September), theyaccount for 81 % of the surface runoff (Amarasinghe et al. 1999). Only the north-east monsoonfrom October to March (maha season), influences rainfall patterns in the dry-zone, leaving largeparts with severe water shortages in the yala-season. In fact, as many as 49 small river basinsare mainly seasonal, where the yala-season contributes to less than 15 % of the annual runoff.In addition to low availability, water-use patterns in agriculture also aggravate water stressin river basins. In 1991, a large part of the dry-zone in Sri Lanka was under severe seasonalwater stress (Amarasinghe et al. 1998). Many drivers including demographic patterns, economicgrowth, and consumption patterns, which contribute to an increase in water demand, havechanged significantly since the early 1990s. So has the associated water stress.This paper discusses spatial variation of water supply and increased demand situationin Sri Lanka in recent years and assesses regional and seasonal water stress.Water SupplyRenewable Water ResourcesGenerated from bi-monsoonal rainfall patterns, renewable fresh-water resources of Sri Lankavary significantly across river basins and seasons. Of the 103 river basins, 12 river basins

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