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    188宝金博页面版: Multiple 2D approaches to human sexual dimorphism of the distal end of femur

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    内容提示： Zoological Systematics, 42(1): 108–122 (January 2017), DOI: 10.11865/zs.201710 Special Issue: Geometric morphometrics: Current shape and future directions Received 19 September 2016, accepted 6 January 2017 Executive editor: Fuqiang Chen; guess editor: Ming Bai 108 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Multiple 2D approaches to human sexual dimorphism of the distal end of femur Sitha Piyaselakul 1 , Bumpenporn Sanannam 1 , Jean-Pierre Dujardin 2 * 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol U...

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    Zoological Systematics, 42(1): 108–122 (January 2017), DOI: 10.11865/zs.201710 Special Issue: Geometric morphometrics: Current shape and future directions Received 19 September 2016, accepted 6 January 2017 Executive editor: Fuqiang Chen; guess editor: Ming Bai 108 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Multiple 2D approaches to human sexual dimorphism of the distal end of femur Sitha Piyaselakul 1 , Bumpenporn Sanannam 1 , Jean-Pierre Dujardin 2 * 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand 2 IRD, UMR IRD–CIRAD INTERTRYP, Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France * Corresponding author, E-mail: dujjepi@gmail.com Abstract Various studies on the difference of distal femoral condyles between genders have been reported recently in order to provide anatomic information for knee prosthesis design and surgical planning in total knee arthroplasty. They also had the objective to be used as a sex recognition character, as may be needed in forensic medicine. Except for a recent 3D approach on the distal femur, most of the studies used dimensional information or aspect ratio but not shape. Our 2D study aimed to determine the size and shape variation of femoral condyles in Thais, considering age, sex and sides. One hundred and twenty-four cadaveric femurs (male 84 legs and female 40 legs) were dissected. The specimens were photographed by digital camera and images were analyzed using three geometric techniques: (i) the landmark-based method (5 landmarks), (ii) with or without addition of 23 sliding semilandmark and (iii) the outline-based methods. From the resulting geometric coordinates, size and shape were extracted for comparisons between genders and sides. Between sides, directional asymmetry could be detected only for shape variation, and only when introducing curves in the analyses (either through the semilandmarks technique or through the outline-based one). Non-directional asymmetry, probably fluctuating asymmetry, was detected for size, as well as for shape, in both genders. Sex discrimination was performed for each geometric technique using two classification methods: the Mahalanobis distance classification and the Maximum likelihood classification. The latter provided much more satisfactory gender validated reclassification (87%) than shape (72%). Key words Distal femur, landmarks, outlines, Mahalanobis, Maximum likelihood. 1 Introduction Knee joint is the largest and most complex synovial joint that plays a crucial role in load-bearing of lower limb which extends from hip joint to ankle joint (Sharma et al., 2010). According to its function of high mobility and massive weight bearing, the knee joint is susceptible to injury. Frequent abnormality and diseases of the knee joint are traumatic injuries and osteoarthritis (OA). It is mostly characterized by degenerative articular cartilage of the tibiofemoral joint (Brouwer et al., 2007). OA knee is a multifactorial disease from overweight, excessive joint loading and muscle weakness (3–5) (Felson et al., 1997; Slemenda et al., 1998; Miyazaki et al., 2002). The most favorable surgical intervention which effectively relieves pain, improves knee function and allows early return to daily living activities was total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Proper shape of the knee prosthesis and fitting well to its counterpart have been reported as a key factor for long-term survivorship in TKA (Chichankul et al., 2011). Thus, apt prosthesis will need the accurate morphologic data of the femoral condyles

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