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Parenting Practices and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder:Partial Specificity of EffectsBRANDI ELLIS, M.A. and JOEL NIGG, Ph.D.Psychology Department at Michigan State UniversityAbstractObjective—Examine the relations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosisand symptom domains with parenting practices.Method—One hundred eighty-one children (aged 6–12 years) were assessed for ADHD and non-ADHD status via parent semistructured clinical interview (Diagnostic Interview Schedule forChildren IV) and parent and teacher standardized ratings. They included controls (n = 52), ADHDinattentive type (n = 24), and ADHD combined type (n = 71) as well as “not otherwise specified”cases (included in regressions only). Parents completed the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire and astructured interview (the Diagnostic Interview Schedule IV) about their own ADHD symptoms.Symptom counts were created for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD),inattention, and hyperactivity–impulsivity to complement categorical analyses.Results—In categorical analysis, maternal inconsistent discipline was associated with ADHDcombined type, even with ODD, CD, and parent ADHD symptoms controlled. Paternal lowinvolvement was associated with ADHD regardless of subtype, even with ODD and CD covaried;however, the effect was marginal when paternal ADHD was covaried. In dimensional analysis ofsymptom counts, maternal inconsistent discipline was related to all behavior domains but noneuniquely. Paternal low involvement and inconsistent discipline were related uniquely with childinattention and not other behavioral domains.Conclusions—Specific aspects of parenting are related to ADHD apart from ODD or CD and arenot fully attributable to parental ADHD.Keywordsparenting; ADHD; family environment; symptom domainsAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) likely involves both genetic andenvironmental etiologies, 1 with moderate to high heritability. 2 Parenting interventions, longof interest for disruptive behaviors, have recently been of interest for ADHD symptoms aswell. 3 A better understanding of unique parenting relations with particular behavioral domainsmight provide clues for more targeted interventions directed at ADHD symptoms per se.Several lines of evidence suggest that such research may ultimately prove valuable for ADHD.4 Socialization processes in the family likely contribute to the emergence, maintenance, orexacerbation of ADHD symptoms, 5 perhaps via gene–environment correlations, epigeneticeffects, or nonshared environmental effects. Likewise, parenting practices, long known to playa role in children’s adjustment, 6 are believed to play a central role in the development andCorrespondence to Dr. Joel Nigg, 135 Psychology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116; nigg@msu.edu.Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest.NIH Public AccessAuthor ManuscriptJ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 February 24.Published in final edited form as:J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 February ; 48(2): 146–154. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819176d0.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript