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2017 年新疆师范大学语言学考研复试核心题库?一? 说明?本资料为学员内部使用?整理汇编了 2017 考研复试重点题及历年复试常考题型。 ———————————————————————————————————————— 一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms 1? functional morpheme 【答案】 This is a subtype of free morphemes, which one consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, “and, about when on, near, the” an so on. 2? Back-formation 【答案】 Back formation refers to an abnormal type of word formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example, the word “television” appeared before “televise”?and so does “editor” to “edit”. 3? Ferdinand de Saussure 【答案】 Ferdinand de Saussure is a Swiss linguist who is often described as “father of modem linguistics”. The great work, Course in General Linguistics, which was based on his lecture notes, marked the beginning of modem linguistics. Saussure^ idea on the arbitrary nature of sign, one the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage. 4? Minimal pairs 【答案】 The two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string. For example?the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/. 5? IC analysis 【答案】 IC analysis: IC analysis ?immediate constituent analysis? refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups ?or phrases ? ,which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word. 6? Diglossia 【答案】 When two languages or language varieties exist together in a community and each one is used for different purposes, this is called diglossia. Usually, the more standard variety can be called the high variety or H-variety, which is used in government, the media, education, and for religious services. The other one is usually a non-prestige variety, the low variety or L-variety used in the family, with friends, when shopping, etc. 7? Arbitrariness 【答案】 Arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs have no