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Article https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40337-3Heterogeneous effects of battery storagedeploymentstrategiesondecarbonizationofprovincial power systems in ChinaLiqun Peng1 , Denise L. Mauzerall 1,2, Yaofeng D. Zhong 3 & Gang He4,5Battery storage is critical for integrating variable renewable generation, yethow the location, scale, and timing of storage deployment affect system costsand carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions is uncertain. We improve a power systemmodel, SWITCH-China, to examine three nationally uniform battery deploy-ment strategies (Renewable-connected, Grid-connected, and Demand-side)and a heterogeneous battery deployment strategy where each province isallowed to utilize any of the three battery strategies. Here, we f i nd that theheterogeneous strategy always provides the lowest system costs among allfour strategies, where provinces with abundant renewable resources dom-inantly adopt Renewable-connected batteries while those with limitedrenewables dominantly adopt Demand-side batteries. However, which strat-egy achieves the lowest CO 2 emissions depends on carbon prices. TheRenewable-connected strategy achieves the lowest CO 2 emissions when car-bon prices are relatively low, and the heterogeneous strategy results in thelowest CO 2 emissions only at extremely high carbon prices.Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from China’s power sector reached~5030Tgin2020 1 ,accountingformorethan40%ofChina’sand14%ofglobal energy-related CO 2 emissions 1 . Decarbonizing China’s powersector is essential for decarbonizing its economy and keeping theincrease in global average temperature below 2°C. In 2020, Chinapledged to peak its CO 2 emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neu-trality by 2060. Deep decarbonization of electricity generation is cri-tical for achieving this goal, and the speed at which thisdecarbonization occurs will greatly inf l uence China’s total cumulativeCO 2 emissions.ToachieveChina’sdecarbonizationgoalwhilemeetingincreasingelectricity demand, renewable energy must replace coal-f i red powergeneration. A major challenge of increasing the penetration of windand solar generation in the power system is their intermittency—theiravailability depends on the weather and time of day. Various technol-ogies can smooth this variability, with energy storage being the mostpromising 2–8 . Battery storage allows rapid energy discharges tosmooth f l uctuations in electricity supply. It also offers substantialstorage capacity and can be deployed in various locations and strate-gies.Furthermore, the costof batterystorage hasdecreased rapidly inrecent years, making it economically feasible for large-scale deploy-ment. Thus, here we focus on batteries as the main source of energystorage for balancing variable renewable generation to achieve dec-arbonization goals.The effects of battery storage on power systems have beenexploredinmanycountries 8–13 ,such asthe US,EU,Australia,andIndia.While the benef i ts of battery storage are clear, deployment strategiesinvolve complex energy, economic, and emission trade-offs. Somestudies 14–17 highlight the importance of battery storage deploymentstrategies and their location in power systems. For example, Schmidtet al. 14 found that lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and costs ofstoring electricity are determined by battery technology, applications,Received: 5 October 2022Accepted: 24 July 2023Check for updates1 PrincetonSchoolofPublicandInternationalAffairs,PrincetonUniversity,Princeton,NJ08544,USA. 2 DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.4 Department of Technology and Society, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. 5 MarxeSchool of Public and International Affairs, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA. e-mail: mauzerall@princeton.edu;gang.he@baruch.cuny.eduNature Communications| (2023) 14:4858 11234567890():,;1234567890():,;