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Hazard and risk assessment for indirect potablereuse schemes: An approach for use in developingWater Safety PlansAngelina Dominguez-Chicasa,b, Mark D. Scrimshawa,*aInstitute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UKbPrograma Ambiental, Instituto de Ingenier? ´a y Tecnolog? ´a, Universidad Auto ´noma de Ciudad Jua ´rez, Av. Del Charro 450 Nte. PartidoEscobedo, Ciudad Jua ´rez, Chihuahua, C.P. 32310, Mexicoa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 7 January 2010Received in revised form1 April 2010Accepted 3 July 2010Available online xxxKeywords:Water scarcityAugmentationRisk assessmentChemicalsHeat mapa b s t r a c tThis paper describes research undertaken to develop an approach for facilitating an initialhazard assessment and risk characterisation for a proposed indirect potable reuse scheme,as part of the water safety plan recommended by the World Health Organization. Theprocess involved a description and evaluation of the catchment, which was the seweragesystem supplying the sewage treatment works that would provide the effluent to supplythe pilot scale indirect potable reuse water treatment plant. Hazards, sources and barriersthroughout the proposed system were identified and evaluated. An initial assessment ofthe possible hazards, highlighted chemical hazards as predominating, and assessment ofrisks, using a heat map as output, categorised most hazards as medium or high risk.However, this outcome has been influenced by a precautionary approach which assigneda high likelihood to the occurrence of hazards where no data was available on theiroccurrence in the system. As more data becomes available, and the waster safety plandevelops, it is anticipated that the risk heat map will become more specific. Additionally,high quality targets, to drinking water standards, have been set, although water from thepotable reuse plant will be discharged to receiving waters where it will undergo naturalattenuation prior to further treatment to potable standards before distribution. Theassessment has demonstrated the usefulness of the approach where data is initiallylimited, in generating a heat map allowing for prioritisation of hazards to a practical level.ª 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe World Health Organization guidelines for Water SafetyPlans(WSPs)arebasedonthehumanhealthriskassessmentofthe potable water supply chain, from the catchment to thecustomer, considering the hazards within the system utilisinga multi-barrier principle (Davison et al., 2005). The approachtakesintoaccountissuesrelatedtothecontrol,monitoringandvalidation of the whole water supply process. The WSP meth-odology is focused on conventional drinking water supplies,andevaluatesthe‘failuremodesandeffectsanalysis’(FMEA)ofthe system, in relation to the risk of producing unsafe water,with attention to microbial and chemical hazards (Hamiltonet al., 2006). As part of the WSP, the whole supply processinvolvedisdocumented,including managementpracticesandquality assurance schemes that ensure the sound design,* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ44 (0)1895 267299; fax: þ44 (0)1895 269761.E-mail addresses: angelina.dominguez-chicas@brunel.ac.uk (A. Dominguez-Chicas), mark.scrimshaw@brunel.ac.uk (M.D. Scrimshaw).0043-1354/$ e see front matter ª 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.007Available at www.sciencedirect.comjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/watreswater research xxx (2010) 1e9Please cite this article in press as: Dominguez-Chicas, A., Scrimshaw, M.D., Hazard and risk assessment for indirect potablereuse schemes: An approach for use in developing Water Safety Plans, Water Research (2010), doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.007